{"id":11,"date":"2015-09-09T12:38:01","date_gmt":"2015-09-09T11:38:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/acrubikon.sk\/wordpress\/?p=11"},"modified":"2015-09-09T12:38:01","modified_gmt":"2015-09-09T11:38:01","slug":"aba-applied-behavioral-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/?p=11","title":{"rendered":"ABA (Applied Behavioral Analysis)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo svete patr\u00ed medzi jednu z najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00edch a najviac pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch met\u00f3d v starostlivosti o osoby s autizmom. Predstavuje intenz\u00edvny tr\u00e9ning, ktor\u00fd sa zameriava na u\u010denie komunik\u00e1cie, pozn\u00e1vac\u00edch a soci\u00e1lnych zru\u010dnost\u00ed, hry, samoobslu\u017en\u00fdch zru\u010dnost\u00ed rozdelen\u00e9 do mal\u00fdch a postupn\u00fdch krokov. Za jedn\u00e9ho z jej otcov sa pova\u017euje Dr. Ivar Lovaas a jej za\u010diatky sa datuj\u00fa do 60-tych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia. Met\u00f3da ABA vych\u00e1dza vedeck\u00fdch poznatkov o tom, ako je spr\u00e1vanie ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e9 prostred\u00edm (napr\u00edklad ak ist\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie odmen\u00edme, toto spr\u00e1vanie sa pravdepodobne bude opakova\u0165). Z\u00e1kladom je individu\u00e1lny program vypracovan\u00fd pre konkr\u00e9tne die\u0165a vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faci z jeho hodnotenia, pri\u010dom re\u0161pektuje jeho schopnosti, potreby, z\u00e1ujmy, \u010di situ\u00e1ciu rodiny. S tr\u00e9ningom sa odpor\u00fa\u010da za\u010da\u0165 \u010do najsk\u00f4r (pred piatym rokom \u017eivota), no v\u00fdskumy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee techniky ABA s\u00fa rovnako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 aj vo vy\u0161\u0161om veku, alebo pri rozv\u00edjan\u00ed zru\u010dnost\u00ed dospel\u00fdch os\u00f4b s autizmom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u0161etky nov\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti (nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie) sa nacvi\u010duj\u00fa v r\u00e1mci postupn\u00e9ho n\u00e1cviku, pri\u010dom sa \u010dinnos\u0165 (napr. um\u00fdvanie zubov) rozdel\u00ed na mal\u00e9 \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 die\u0165a postupne u\u010d\u00edme. Tieto \u00falohy die\u0165a u\u010d\u00edme v postupnosti: 1. pokyn (od\u0161raubuj uz\u00e1ver), 2. reakcia (die\u0165a od\u0161raubuje uz\u00e1ver), 3. posilnenie (odmena, napr. die\u0165a sa m\u00f4\u017ee chv\u00ed\u013eu pohra\u0165 s ob\u013e\u00fabenou hra\u010dkou, slovn\u00e1 pochvala, pohladkanie a pod.). Na za\u010diatku n\u00e1cviku ist\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania je teda pokyn, v odbornej literat\u00fare ozna\u010dovan\u00fd pojmom diskrimina\u010dn\u00fd podnet (SD). Jeho forma m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 slovn\u00e1 (napr. \u201eSadni si.\u201c), alebo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vo forme obr\u00e1zku (v z\u00e1ujme lep\u0161ieho pochopenia pokynu die\u0165a\u0165om). Ak po pokyne nasleduje spr\u00e1vna reakcia die\u0165a\u0165a, je t\u00e1to reakcia posilnen\u00e1 odmenou, alebo pochvalou. T\u00fdm sa zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee toto spr\u00e1vanie sa bude opakova\u0165 aj nabud\u00face. Odmenou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u010doko\u013evek, \u010do m\u00e1 die\u0165a rado, a i tu treba myslie\u0165 na to, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 die\u0165a je in\u00e9 a to, \u010do je odmenou pre jedno, nemus\u00ed by\u0165 odmenou pre druh\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1cviku je tzv. pob\u00e1danie, kedy dospel\u00e1 osoba pob\u00e1da die\u0165a, ak je jeho reakcia na podnet nespr\u00e1vna. M\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 viacero foriem, napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">slovn\u00e9 pob\u00e1danie (napr. \u201eOd\u0161raubuj uz\u00e1ver.\u201c)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">fyzick\u00e9 pob\u00e1danie (poskytnutie fyzickej pomoci, napr. vedenie ruky die\u0165a\u0165a)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">vizu\u00e1lne pob\u00e1danie (m\u00e1 podobne ako vizu\u00e1lny podnet formu obr\u00e1zku alebo n\u00e1pisu)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">umiestnenie (napr. pri pokyne vybra\u0165 zo skupiny predmetov jablko ulo\u017e\u00edme \u017eiadan\u00fd predmet \u010do najbli\u017e\u0161ie k die\u0165a\u0165u a t\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161ime pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee die\u0165a vyberie pr\u00e1ve tento predmet)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">pob\u00e1danie vo forme gesta, uk\u00e1zania ur\u010dit\u00fdm smerom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cie\u013eom je postupne od pob\u00e1dania ustupova\u0165, aby sa od neho die\u0165a v procese u\u010denia nestalo z\u00e1visl\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Met\u00f3da ABA sa zameriava aj na probl\u00e9my v spr\u00e1van\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017e\u00ed rie\u0161i\u0165 anal\u00fdzou\u00a0 spr\u00e1vania, ktor\u00e9 terapeuti a rodi\u010dia zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa do tzv. ABC karty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong> (z anglick\u00e9ho antecendents, pr\u00ed\u010dina) zachyt\u00e1va udalosti, ktor\u00e9 sa odohrali tesne p\u0159ed prepuknut\u00edm problematick\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania, ak\u00e9ko\u013evek sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010de. <strong>B<\/strong> (z anglick\u00e9ho behaviour, spr\u00e1vanie) opisuje samotn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie. <strong>C<\/strong> (z anglick\u00e9ho consequences, d\u00f4sledky) zaznamen\u00e1va udalosti bezprostredne po spr\u00e1van\u00ed, napr. reakcie os\u00f4b, v\u00fdsledok samotn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pomocou anal\u00fdzy a vyhodnotenia z\u00e1znamov mo\u017eno zisti\u0165, kedy a pre\u010do sa tak die\u0165a spr\u00e1va a \u010do svoj\u00edm spr\u00e1van\u00edm sleduje a na z\u00e1klade toho formova\u0165 u die\u0165a\u0165a primeranej\u0161ie spr\u00e1vanie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zdroj: <a href=\"http:\/\/autizmus.f84.sk\/aplikovana-behavioralna-analyza-aba\/\">http:\/\/autizmus.f84.sk\/aplikovana-behavioralna-analyza-aba\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vo svete patr\u00ed medzi jednu z najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00edch a najviac pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch met\u00f3d v starostlivosti o osoby s autizmom. Predstavuje intenz\u00edvny tr\u00e9ning, ktor\u00fd sa zameriava na u\u010denie komunik\u00e1cie, pozn\u00e1vac\u00edch a soci\u00e1lnych zru\u010dnost\u00ed, hry, samoobslu\u017en\u00fdch zru\u010dnost\u00ed rozdelen\u00e9 do mal\u00fdch a postupn\u00fdch krokov. Za jedn\u00e9ho z jej otcov sa pova\u017euje Dr. Ivar Lovaas a jej za\u010diatky sa datuj\u00fa do [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-metody"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acrubikon.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}